5.1. BOLT
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SOCKET CAP BOLTS credit to amazon.co.uk |
A small metal rod (pin) having one end threaded for a nut while the other end with a head. Nuts are necessary for installation of bolts and so is a pre-tapped hole.
5.2. TYPES OF BOLTS
- Machine bolt
- Countersunk bolt
- Key head bolt
- Stud bolt
- Carriage bolts
- Hex head bolts
- Shoulder bolts
- Square head bolts
5.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF BOLT
The thickness of the member to be bolted is a major factor in determining the length of the bolt to be installed.
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| credits to djmithunraj.info |
- Wooden members anchored by strap:
Length of bolt is equal to the width of the wood member plus twice the thickness of the strap. Then add 20mm allowance for the nut and thread.
- Post and beams:
Length of bolt in this connection is equal to the width of the post plus twice the width of the beams. Then add 20mm allowance for the nut and thread.
5.2. SCREWS
Screws are sometimes preferred over nails for the following advantages:
- Better connection
- Neat appearance
- Lesser chance of injuring (cracking) the materials
- Ease of removal in cases or repair
5.2.1. ORDERING SCREWS
- Screw classifications are thickness (guage) and length.
- When ordering, screws are specified by head shape, the finish, guage, and then the length.
Round head, brass, number 5 screw x 5cm
| Inches | 1/2 | 1 | 1-1/2 | 2 | 2-1/2 | 3 | 3-1/2 | 4 | 4-1/2 | 5 | 5-1/2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mm | 12 | 25 | 37 | 50 | 62 | 75 | 87 | 100 | 112 | 125 | 150 |
| Number | 6,211 | 3,443 | 2,329 | 1,779 | 1,414 | 1,186 | 1,126 | 910 | 739 | 655 | 515 |
5.3. NAILS
Nails are categorized according to use:
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| credits to RONA |
The different sizes of nails:
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| credits to Leader Home Centers |
2d to 60d For general construction Common nail
2d to 40d For light construction household use Box nail
2d to 40d For interior trim Casing nail
2d to 20d For cabinetwork furniture Finishing nail
3/16" to 3" For light work mouldings Wire brad nail
2d to 20d Flooring construction Cut nail
6" to 12" For heavy construction Spike
5.3.1. TYPES OF NAILS ACCORDING TO SIZE
- TACKS
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| credits to Home Depot |
Small pointed nails with tapering side and a flat head. Tacks are often used for carpets and thin materials.
| LENGTH | LENGTH | NUMBER/KG |
|---|---|---|
inches
|
mm
| |
1/8
|
3
|
35,200
|
3/16
|
5
|
23,465
|
1/4
|
6
|
17,600
|
5/16
|
8
|
14,080
|
3/8
|
10
|
11,732
|
7/16
|
12
|
8,800
|
9/16
|
14
|
5,865
|
5/8
|
16
|
4,400
|
11/16
|
17
|
10,120
|
3/4
|
19
|
2,930
|
13/16
|
20.5
|
2,514
|
7/8
|
22
|
1,200
|
15/16
|
24
|
1,953
|
1
|
25
|
1,760
|
1-1/16
|
27
|
1,599
|
1-1/8
|
28
|
1,465
|
2. SPRIGS
Also called barbed dowel pins, these small headless nails range from 12mm. to 50mm in size and guage No. 8 wire or 4mm diameter.
3. BRADS
Brad nails are slender with small heads. They differ from finishing nails with the guage they are made from. Finishing nails are made of 15 to 16 guage wire while brad nails are of 18 guage [brad nails are thinner]. Brad nails also have smaller heads.
| SIZE | LENGTH | GUAGE NO. | DIA HEAD GUAGE | NUMBER/KG | GUAGE NO. | NUMBER/KG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mm | ||||||
| 6d | 50 | 11 | 6 | 322 | 12 | 14500 |
| 7d | 32 | 11 | 6 | 277 | 12 | 12500 |
| 8d | 37 | 10 | 5 | 200 | 11 | 9000 |
| 9d | 44 | 10 | 5 | 173 | 11 | 7800 |
| 10d | 75 | 9 | 4 | 131 | 10 | 5900 |
| 12d | 81 | 8 | 3 | 95 | 9 | 4300 |
| 16d | 87 | 7 | 2 | 76 | 8 | 3450 |
| 20d | 100 | 6 | 1 | 57 | 7 | 2600 |
| SIZE | LENGTH | LENGTH | NUMBER | NUMBER |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inches | mm | per kilogram | per keg | |
| 2d | 1 | 25 | 1904 | 85,700 |
| 3d | 1-1/4 | 31 | 1206 | 54,300 |
| 4d | 1-1/2 | 37 | 662 | 29,800 |
| 5d | 1-3/4 | 44 | 566 | 25,500 |
| 6d | 2 | 50 | 397 | 17,900 |
| 7d | 2-1/4 | 56 | 340 | 15,300 |
| 8d | 2-1/2 | 63 | 224 | 10,100 |
| 9d | 2-3/4 | 69 | 197 | 8,900 |
| 10d | 3 | 75 | 146 | 6,600 |
| 12d | 3-3/4 | 81 | 137 | 6,200 |
| 16d | 3-1/2 | 88 | 108 | 4,900 |
| 20d | 4 | 100 | 68 | 3,100 |
| 30d | 4-1/2 | 112 | 53 | 2,400 |
| 40d | 5 | 125 | 40 | 1,800 |
| 50d | 5-1/2 | 137 | 28 | 1,300 |
4. NAILS
The generally used name for all kinds of nails except tacks and spikes. The commonly used is the common nail.
| SIZE | GUAGE NO. | LENGTH | LENGTH | NUMBER | NUMBER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| inches | mm | per kilogram | per keg | ||
| 2d | 15 | 1-1/4 | 25 | 1831 | 82400 |
| 3d | 14 | 1-1/2 | 31 | 1177 | 53000 |
| 4d | 12.5 | 1-1/2 | 37 | 666 | 30000 |
| 5d | 12.5 | 1-3/4 | 44 | 580 | 26100 |
| 6d | 11.5 | 2 | 50 | 382 | 17200 |
| 7d | 11.5 | 2-1/4 | 56 | 344 | 15500 |
| 8d | 10.25 | 2-1/2 | 63 | 208 | 9400 |
| 9d | 10.25 | 2-3/4 | 69 | 188 | 8500 |
| 10d | 9 | 3 | 75 | 138 | 6250 |
| 12d | 9 | 3-1/4 | 81 | 124 | 5600 |
| 16d | 8 | 3-1/2 | 88 | 93 | 4200 |
| 20d | 6 | 4 | 100 | 58 | 2625 |
| 40d | 4 | 5 | 112 | 45 | 2040 |
| 50d | 3 | 5-1/2 | 125 | 34 | 1540 |
| 60d | 2 | 6 | 150 | 20 | 910 |
5. SPIKES
A 7.5cm to 30cm stout metal piece with thicker proportion than a common nail. Spikes are often used in railroad rails attachments, dock construction, piers, and other work using large timber.
Two kinds of spikes are:
- Flat head, diamond point
- Oval head, chisel point
| SIZE | LENGTH | LENGTH | NUMBER |
|---|---|---|---|
| inches | mm | per kilogram | |
| 10d | 3 | 75 | 90 |
| 12d | 3-1/4 | 81 | 83 |
| 16d | 3-1/2 | 88 | 66 |
| 20d | 4 | 100 | 50 |
| 30d | 4-1/2 | 112 | 37 |
| 40d | 5 | 125 | 28 |
| 50d | 5-1/2 | 137 | 22 |
| 60d | 6 | 150 | 19 |
| 175mm | 7 | 175 | 15 |
| 200mm | 8 | 200 | 9 |
| 225mm | 9 | 225 | 8 |
| 250mm | 10 | 250 | 7 |
| 300mm | 12 | 300 | 6 |
5.4. USES AND APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF NAILS
| MATERIALS | UNIT PER | WEIGHT REQD | SIZE | KINDS OF NAILS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
kg
| ||||
Floor joist and bridging at 30 o.c.
|
sq.m.
|
0.17
|
20d
|
CWN
|
T & G flooring
| ||||
1 x 4
|
sq.m.
|
0.15
|
6d
|
Flooring brad
|
1 x 6
|
sq.m.
|
0.09
|
6d
|
Flooring brad
|
Siding wood board on studs at 60 o.c.
| ||||
1 x 6
|
sq.m.
|
0.08
|
6d
|
Casing brad
|
1 x 8
|
sq.m.
|
0.06
|
6d
|
Casing brad
|
Studs
| ||||
at 0.40 o.c.
|
sq.m.
|
0.08
|
8d
|
CWN
|
at 0.60 o.c.
|
sq.m.
|
0.05
|
8d
|
CWN
|
Scaffolding
|
meter ht of post
|
0.73
|
20d
|
CWN
|
Plywood wall and ceiling
|
Per sheet at 0.15 o.c. on 40 x 60 joist
|
0.055
|
2d
|
Finishing nails
|
Rafters, Purlins, and Cleats
|
Per sq.m. purlins at 70 o.c.
|
0.2
|
20d
|
CWN
|
Base Board
|
Meter length
|
0.03
|
6d
|
CWN
|
Fascia Board
|
Meter length
|
0.048
|
8d
|
CWN
|
Ceiling Joist at 40 x 60 o.c.
|
sq.m.
|
0.05
|
8d
|
CWN
|
5.5. CONCRETE NAIL
| LENGTH | PENNY | GUAGE | NO OF CONCRETE NAILS/KG |
|---|---|---|---|
inch
| |||
1
|
2d
|
15
|
1863
|
1-1/4
|
3d
|
14
|
1195
|
1-1/2
|
4d
|
12-1/2
|
651
|
1-3/4
|
5d
|
12-1/2
|
559
|
2
|
6d
|
11-1/2
|
367
|
2-1/4
|
7d
|
11-1/2
|
330
|
2-1/2
|
8d
|
10-1/4
|
222
|
2-3/4
|
9d
|
10-1/4
|
202
|
3
|
10d
|
9
|
145
|
3-1/4
|
12d
|
9
|
149
|
3-1/2
|
16d
|
8
|
103
|
4
|
20d
|
6
|
64
|
4-1/2
|
30d
|
5
|
48
|
5
|
40d
|
4
|
37
|
5-1/2
|
50d
|
3
|
31
|
6
|
60d
|
2
|
24
|
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