MEASURING VERTICAL DISTANCES

When measuring vertical distances a level is already used. With the help of the stadia rod, distances are determined.

Click here for pdf notes on TWO PEG TEST
Click here for pdf noteS on DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Click here for pdf notes on THREE-WIRE LEVELING

1.0 CONSTRUCTION PRE-PLANNING

Before the construction of a certain project will commensurate, planning within the owner, designer and the contractor should be accomplished properly. The Project Manager is the entity who shall make sure that the project will be complete at the target date according to the quality expected. 

ASSESSMENT COVERAGE: NETWORK DIAGRAM AND IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL PATH

Click here for PDF notes on Organization and Management

Click here for PDF notes on Construction Pre-planning

TAPING: AREA OF A LOT BOUNDED BY A CURVE OFFSETS AT IRREGULAR INTERVAL

An irregular area can also be measured using tape.

CLICK PDF NOTED ON FLDWK-5

TAPING: DETERMINING AREA OF RECTILINEAR FIELD BY TAPE

The tape can also be used to measure angles and not just for distances. By performing the chord bisection method or the 3:4:5 method, angles can be determined.

Click here for pdf file on Field work

2.0. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF PERT/CPM

With the complexity of having too many activities to complete a project, construction should have a PERT/CPM schedule for management to determine the availability of:

• Labor
• Materials
• Cost
• Time

Although scheduling can be done with Gantt Chart, there are still advantages of learning the basics of CPM.

Click for PDF notes in Introduction

1.0. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF BRIDGES

Although bridges are considered as a more expensive measure in creating passageways, there are so many instances that they are required. There are different classification based on different categories and various components that should be learned.

1.0. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING
1.1. BRIDGE COMPONENTS
1.2. LEXICON OF BRIDGES
1.3. DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES
1.4 DESIGN LOADS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES

TAPING: ON UNEVEN GROUND

Checking on horizontal distances on even ground seems easy enough, but most often the ground will be sloping, especially on raw spaces. Moreover, some cases will be that grasses are all over the plane that you would have to lift your measuring tape just the same. In such cases that it would be impossible to lay the tape to the ground, the method of "breaking tape" is the most feasible thing to do.

Breaking tape is the procedure when measuring horizontal distances should be done in partial segments. The procedure would require a little bit more than laying the tape horizontally but checking on the vertical alignment of the starting the ending points altogether. That is the procedure when you would need the use of a plumbob.

credits to Youtube

In doing this procedure, it would be best to have short segments than long ones in order to reduce the error due to tape sagging. Another cause of error is for the misalignment of the points when working on different segments. Note that at some point, the ending point would have to be reflected a little distance up the ground.

Click for pdf notes on Taping on Uneven Ground