MEASURING VERTICAL DISTANCES

When measuring vertical distances a level is already used. With the help of the stadia rod, distances are determined.

Click here for pdf notes on TWO PEG TEST
Click here for pdf noteS on DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
Click here for pdf notes on THREE-WIRE LEVELING

TAPING: AREA OF A LOT BOUNDED BY A CURVE OFFSETS AT IRREGULAR INTERVAL

An irregular area can also be measured using tape.

CLICK PDF NOTED ON FLDWK-5

TAPING: DETERMINING AREA OF RECTILINEAR FIELD BY TAPE

The tape can also be used to measure angles and not just for distances. By performing the chord bisection method or the 3:4:5 method, angles can be determined.

Click here for pdf file on Field work

TAPING: ON UNEVEN GROUND

Checking on horizontal distances on even ground seems easy enough, but most often the ground will be sloping, especially on raw spaces. Moreover, some cases will be that grasses are all over the plane that you would have to lift your measuring tape just the same. In such cases that it would be impossible to lay the tape to the ground, the method of "breaking tape" is the most feasible thing to do.

Breaking tape is the procedure when measuring horizontal distances should be done in partial segments. The procedure would require a little bit more than laying the tape horizontally but checking on the vertical alignment of the starting the ending points altogether. That is the procedure when you would need the use of a plumbob.

credits to Youtube

In doing this procedure, it would be best to have short segments than long ones in order to reduce the error due to tape sagging. Another cause of error is for the misalignment of the points when working on different segments. Note that at some point, the ending point would have to be reflected a little distance up the ground.

Click for pdf notes on Taping on Uneven Ground

TAPING ON SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND

Smooth and level ground is easily measured by the use of the tape. The procedure only asks for the surveyors to lay the tape on the ground and measure. The only parameter which can cause inaccuracy of results is the alignment of the tape. Setting out a line is the procedure which can make this experiment longer. 

courtesy of Dona Sauerburger

Setting out a line is a 4 step process of breaking the distance into quarters and setting a range pole in each quarter. The range poles at every quarter point are used to check alignment. The procedure would need three (3) range poles. Two of them are placed on both ends of the line to be measured. The third range pole would be located on the quarter points and aligned with the other poles. Markers are used on the previous points before moving the range poles from points.






Click Notes on TAPING ON SMOOTH AND LEVEL GROUND

PACING

courtesy of Academic Home Page

When there are no measuring instruments around and surveyors would need to measure a horizontal distance, pacing is an unconventional procedure which can give an approximation of the distance to be measured.

Pacing can only be utilized in measuring distances when the surveyor has an idea on his or her pace factor. Pace factor is the distance of a regular pace of one person. 







What is pace? 

A pace is the measurement of a step done by the opposite leg to move a distance. It is either measured toe-to-toe or heel-to-heel. Pace is different from stride. Stride is the measurement of the distance he same leg has moved. It is more commonly known as double pace.


Click for notes on PACING

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC GEOMATICS

Surveying is a part of study in Civil Engineering which deals with the preliminary works in every construction. The change of name from the long-used Surveying to Geomatics has been in progress as a part of development in both the scope of the study and the development of instruments used.

The first part of this course is Basic Geomatics (Elementary Surveying). This course introduces students to the procedures of measurements both horizontal and vertical distances as well as angles and directions. After which, traversing and determination of area would be discussed.

Horizontal measurement is done with pacing - unconventional method, and taping - conventional method. Vertical measurements would be using leveling methods.

Fieldworks included in this course are the following:

• Introduction
• Pacing
• Taping on Smooth and Level Ground
• Taping on Sloped and Uneven Ground
• Determining Area of a Rectilinear Field by Tape
• Area of a Lot Bounded by a Curve Offset at Irregular Interval
• Two-peg Test
• Differential Leveling
• Three-wire Leveling
• Reciprocal Leveling
• Profile Leveling
• Open Compass Traverse
• Closed Compass Traverse
• Interior Angle Traverse
• Deflection Angle Traverse
• Azimuth Traverse